In-text Citations

APA

Quotations:
Quotations with fewer than forty words are included within the body of the text and are surrounded by double quotation marks. Those with more than forty words are set off from the text, and indented block form is used without quotation marks. For quotations longer than one paragraph, the first paragraph is flush left unless the quoted material includes the beginning of a paragraph; in such a case, the first line of the indented block quotation would be indented. Subsequent paragraphs are indented on the first line.

Citing quotations and references:
Citations are enclosed in parentheses. Citations of quotations and paraphrasing include author, publication date, and page number; citations of referenced texts do not require the page number. One-author citations include author, publication date, (and page number) and are separated by commas (Brown, 1999, p.44). Citations for two to five authors list each author's name and publication date for the first occurrence, using an ampersand in place of 'and' (Brown, Heath, & Gibson, 2000); subsequent occurrences list the first author's name followed by 'et al.' and the publication date (Brown et al., 2000 p.20). Citations for more than five authors list the first author's name followed by 'et al.' and the publication year (Gibson et al., 2003). Subsequent citations of the same text within the same paragraph do not require the publication year, but only the author's name–or the first author's name followed by 'et al.–(Gibson)(Gibson et al.).

Citing works without author information:
For books, cite the title in italics and sentence-style capitalization followed by the publication year, separating the title and year with a comma (Breaking the code, 2004). For book chapters and articles, cite the title in double quotation marks followed by a comma and the year ("Cultural impact on language," 1997). Anonymous works should be cited as 'Anonymous,' followed by the year and separated with a comma (Anonymous, 1998).

Citing multiple works:
For works by the same author, list the author's name once, followed by the publication years in chronological order (Brown, 1999, 2000). For publications with the same year, assign lower case letters for each (Heath, 2002a, 2002b). For works by different authors, list each author and publication date, separated by semi-colons in the same order as they appear in the 'References' list (Brown, 1999, 2000; Gibson, 2004).

MLA

Quotations:
Quotations with fewer than four lines are included within the body of the text and are surrounded by double quotation marks. Those with more than four lines are set off from the text and indented block form is used without quotation marks. For quotations consisting of more than one paragraph, the first paragraph is flush left unless the quoted material includes the beginning of a paragraph. Subsequent paragraphs are indented on the first line.

Citing quotations and references:
Citations are enclosed in parentheses. Citations for quotations, paraphrasing, and referenced texts include the same information. One-author citations include author and page number; no comma is used (Munro 106). Citations for two to three authors list each author's name and page number and are separated by 'and' (Woolf and Bell 86). Citations for more than three authors list each author's name and the page number (Woolf, Graham, Henriksen, and Waters 44), or list the first author's name followed by 'et al.' and the page number (Woolf et al. 44). Commas are not used before page numbers.

Citing works without author information:
For books, list the underlined title, followed by the page number; no comma is used (Resistance to Society's Expectations in Joyce's Monologues 14). For book chapters and articles, list the title in quotation marks, followed by the page number; no comma is used ("Recollecting and Retelling Stories" 28). Use headline capitalization for all titles.

Citing multiple works:
To distinguish between two or more works by the same author, list the author's name followed by an abbreviation of the cited work's title and the page number; separate the author's name and the title with a comma (Forest, Rhetoric 68). Works by different authors within one parenthetical citation are listed by author and page number and separated by semi-colons (Henriksen 62; Munro 87; Woolf and Bell 116).

End-of-text Citations

APA

Page format for References:
• Should be double spaced and alphabetized by primary authors' names, and 'References' should be centered at the top of the page. [example]

• Works by more than one author should be alphabetized further by name of second (or third, etc.) author; all authors' names in each citation are inverted. If the primary author has single-authored works, they should be listed first. [example]

• Citations of works with up to six authors should list all authors' names. [example]

• Citations of works with more than six authors should list only the first six authors' names, followed by 'et al.' [example]

• All authors' names in each citation are inverted. Multiple works by one author should be ordered chronologically. [example]

• Multiple works by the same author in the same year should be assigned lower case letters after the year (2001a, 2001b) according to alphabetical order. [example]

• Works without author information should be alphabetized by title. [example]

• Anonymous works should be alphabetized under author name 'Anonymous.' [example]

Format for books:
Use hanging indent style. List authors by last name, followed by initials (use an ampersand for 'and') and the publication year in parentheses, followed by a period. Italicize title and use a period; subtitle may or may not be included. Use sentence-style capitalization. Conclude with city of publication and name of publisher, separated by a colon; end with a period. [example]

Format for chapters in books:
Use hanging indent style. List authors by last name, followed by initials (use an ampersand for 'and') and the publication year in parentheses, followed by a period. For chapter titles, use sentence-style capitalization and Roman type without quotation marks; end with a period. Follow chapter title with 'In' followed by italicized book title in sentence-style capitalization and page numbers in parentheses; precede the page numbers with 'pp.' and end with a period. Conclude with city of publication and publisher, separated by a colon; end with a period. [example]

Format for journal articles:
Use hanging indent style. Cite authors by last name, followed by initials (use an ampersand for 'and') and the publication year in parentheses, followed by a period. For article titles, use sentence-style capitalization and Roman type without quotation marks; end with a period. Italicize journal title and use headline capitalization, followed by a comma; follow with the volume and issue numbers (also in italics), with commas after each. Cite the page numbers in Roman type and end with a period. [example]

MLA

Page format for Works Cited:
• Should be double spaced and alphabetized, and 'Works Cited' should be centered at the top of the page. [example]

• Works by more than one author should be alphabetized further by name of second (or third, etc.) author. Primary author's name should be inverted, using last name/first name format; subsequent authors' names should be in normal order. [example]

• Works by more than three authors can be be cited with all authors' names [example]

• Multiple works by one author should be ordered alphabetically by title, using three hyphens in place of the author's name for subsequent works by that author. [example]

• Works by anonymous authors and works without author information should be alphabetized by title; works should not be listed by 'Anonymous.' [example]

Format for books:
Use hanging indent style. List primary authors by last name/first name format, spelled out (and middle initial, if appropriate); secondary authors should be listed in normal order. Follow with a period. Title should follow headline capitalization and Roman type, and it should be underlined and followed by a period; full title and subtitle should be used. Italics are not used for titles in MLA style. Conclude with city of publication and name of publisher, separated by a colon; follow with a comma and the publication year, and end with a period. [example]

Format for anthologies:
Use hanging indent style. List primary authors by last name/first name format, spelled out (and middle initial, if appropriate); secondary authors should be listed in normal order. Follow with a period. For chapter/essay titles, use headline capitalization and Roman type with quotation marks and enclosed punctuation. Follow with underlined book title in headline capitalization and Roman type, and editor information; end with a period. Italics are not used for titles in MLA style. Follow with city of publication and publisher, separated by a colon and followed by a comma and publication year; follow with a period. Conclude with page numbers and end with a period. [example]

Format for journal articles:
Use hanging indent style. List primary authors by last name/first name format, spelled out (and middle initial, if appropriate); secondary authors should be listed in normal order. Follow with a period. For article titles, use headline capitalization and Roman type with quotation marks and enclosed punctuation. Follow with underlined journal title in headline capitalization and Roman type (titles are not italicized in MLA style), volume and issue information, and publication year in parentheses; use a period between volume and issue but not after the issue; use a colon after the year. Conclude with page numbers and end with a period. [example]